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    <li><a href="#单元测试">单元测试</a>
      <ul>
        <li><a href="#导入方式">导入方式</a></li>
        <li><a href="#使用方法">使用方法</a></li>
        <li><a href="#使用说明">使用说明</a></li>
      </ul>
    </li>
    <li><a href="#组件测试">组件测试</a>
      <ul>
        <li><a href="#使用方法-1">使用方法</a></li>
        <li><a href="#使用说明-1">使用说明</a></li>
        <li><a href="#现有问题">现有问题</a></li>
      </ul>
    </li>
    <li><a href="#集成测试">集成测试</a>
      <ul>
        <li><a href="#导入方式-1">导入方式</a></li>
        <li><a href="#使用方法-2">使用方法</a></li>
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    <article class="post">
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            <h1 class="post-title">《Flutter测试脚本开发》</h1>
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        <date class="post-meta meta-date">
            2021年7月31日
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            <blockquote>
<p>本文主要介绍</p>
</blockquote>
<p>Flutter中支持自动化测试脚本，包括单元测试、组件测试、集成测试等。我们可以使用这些测试方法来验证功能是否正常。</p>
<h2 id="单元测试">单元测试</h2>
<p>Flutter的单元测试实际上就是Dart的单元测试，需要引入相应的库。这里有两种库可供选择：test 或者 flutter_test。其中test库是标准的dart库文件，flutter_test既可用于单元测试也可用于Widget组件测试，推荐使用flutter_test库进行操作。</p>
<h3 id="导入方式">导入方式</h3>
<p>pubspec.yaml 文件中的 <code>dev_dependencies</code>中设置相应依赖：</p>
<pre><code>dev_dependencies:
  flutter_test:   # 推荐使用这个
    sdk: flutter
#  test: ^1.5.1 这个不推荐
</code></pre><h3 id="使用方法">使用方法</h3>
<p>在test的dart文件中import相应的dart文件，如下面代码所示：</p>
<pre><code>import 'package:flutter_test/flutter_test.dart'; // 使用flutter_test库

//import 'package:test/test.dart';  // 使用test库

void main() {
  test('my test', (){
    int i = 0;
    print('start to check');
    expect(i, 0);
  });
}
</code></pre><p>在代码中可以看到，有两个方法非常重要：<code>void test(Object description, Function body)</code> 与 <code>expect(dynamic actual, dynamic matcher)</code>，前者是执行的入口，后者进行断言校验。</p>
<p>如果想要执行这个测试脚本，使用Android Studio的话，可以在IDE界面上直接手工操作执行，如下图所示：</p>
<p>
        <a data-fancybox="gallery" href="https://luckly007.oss-cn-beijing.aliyuncs.com/img/image-20210731213800386.png">
            <img class="mx-auto" alt="image-20210731213800386" src="https://luckly007.oss-cn-beijing.aliyuncs.com/img/image-20210731213800386.png" />
        </a>
    </p>
<p>点击红框中所示按键即可执行。</p>
<p>也可以通过命令执行测试脚本，如下所示：</p>
<pre><code>flutter test --plain-name &quot;my test&quot; test/widget_test.dart
</code></pre><p>如果想要执行main方法中的所有测试脚本，执行下面脚本：</p>
<pre><code>flutter test test/widget_test.dart
</code></pre><h3 id="使用说明">使用说明</h3>
<ul>
<li>上面已经说了test()，第一个参数是描述信息，运行时可以通过描述信息执行指定的脚本；第二个参数就是需要执行的方法；此外还有其它可选参数，timeout设置后将替换默认30s的超时时间；skip允许跳过测试(值为String时会打印skip内容)；retry设置重试次数等。</li>
<li>处理test方法外，还有group方法，使用同一个描述信息，用于批量测试脚本执行，如下面代码所示：</li>
</ul>
<pre><code>group(&quot;group test&quot;, (){
    test('test 1', (){
      int i = 0;
      expect(i, 0);
    });
    test('test 2', (){
      int i = 1;
      expect(i, 1);
    });
  });
</code></pre><p>当然，里面的每个test也可以单独执行。另外，通过描述信息执行测试脚本时，同样的描述信息也会默认分为一个group。</p>
<ul>
<li>上面已经说明了一个简单的expect方法使用，但实际上matcher中还可以支持更复杂的比对效果，例如：</li>
</ul>
<pre><code>test('complex validations', (){
    expect(&quot;abc,bcd,efg&quot;, allOf([
      contains(&quot;abc&quot;),
      isNot(startsWith(&quot;bcd&quot;)),
      endsWith(&quot;efg&quot;)
    ]));
  });
</code></pre><ul>
<li>setUp方法与tearDown方法分别在测试脚本执行前和执行后调用，setUp中可以进行一些预处理操作，而tearDown进行一些release操作。例如：</li>
</ul>
<pre><code>group('setup test', (){
    File f ;
    setUp(() async {
      f = await new File('abc.txt').create();
    });
    
    tearDown(() async {
      await f.delete();
    });
    
    test(&quot;file test&quot;, () async {
      await f.writeAsString('abc');
      // 其他操作
    });
  });
</code></pre><ul>
<li>
<p>上面的示例中还使用了async以及await异步操作，在测试脚本中，这些异步操作完成后才会认为测试结束。另外还有一些为异步处理提供的匹配器方法。比如</p>
<pre><code>​```dart
test('async test', (){
    expect(new Future.value(10), completion(equals(10)));
  });
</code></pre></li>
<li>
<p>异步操作还有<code>expectAsync</code>系列方法，包括<code>expectAsync1、expectAsync2··· expectAsync6</code>，这些方法的区别主要是参数的不同。这个方法有两个作用，方法中有一个参数<code>count</code>，如果方法执行的次数没有达到count数量，会一直等待，测试脚本不会结束；另外如果执行次数超过了count，则会断言失败。下面是一个示例：</p>
</li>
</ul>
<pre><code>test('expectAsyn', (){
    var stream = new Stream.fromIterable([1, 2, 3]);

    stream.listen(expectAsync1((number) {
      expect(number, inInclusiveRange(1, 3));
    }, count: 3));
  });
</code></pre><h2 id="组件测试">组件测试</h2>
<p>组件测试可以模拟界面环境，同时模拟一些交互操作，校验反馈结果达到测试效果，需要导入flutter_test库来使用。</p>
<h3 id="使用方法-1">使用方法</h3>
<p>在test的dart文件中import相应的dart文件，下面代码所示就是默认生成的测试文件：</p>
<pre><code>import 'package:flutter/material.dart';
import 'package:flutter_test/flutter_test.dart';

import 'package:flutter_app/main.dart';

void main() {
  testWidgets('Counter increments smoke test', (WidgetTester tester) async {
    // Build our app and trigger a frame.
    await tester.pumpWidget(MyApp());

    // Verify that our counter starts at 0.
    expect(find.text('0'), findsOneWidget);
    expect(find.text('1'), findsNothing);

    // Tap the '+' icon and trigger a frame.
    await tester.tap(find.byIcon(Icons.add));
    await tester.pump();

    // Verify that our counter has incremented.
    expect(find.text('0'), findsNothing);
    expect(find.text('1'), findsOneWidget);
  });
}
</code></pre><p>相比单元测试来说，测试入口变成了testWidgets，这个方法要求传入的方法对象中必须有WidgetTester类型的参数，除此以外与单元测试的使用方法基本相同。</p>
<p>界面执行方法、脚本执行方法都与单元测试完全一致，因此不再继续说明。</p>
<h3 id="使用说明-1">使用说明</h3>
<p>组件测试中新增WidgetTester对象能够模拟发送点击或滚动的交互事件，再加上在widget树中查找widget的能力。这两个核心功能组成了组件测试需要的界面验证能力。</p>
<p>下面具体说一下WidgetTester常用到的方法：</p>
<ul>
<li><code>Future&lt;void&gt; pumpWidget(Widget widget)</code> 这个方法来导入一个Widget，模拟了一个headless界面。</li>
<li><code>Future&lt;void&gt; tap(Finder finder, {int pointer})</code> 这个方法来触发一个点击事件，点击的位置由Finder确定，在Widget树中找到的一个widget。实际上还有<code>Future&lt;void&gt; tapAt(Offset location, {int pointer})</code>这个方法，在某个具体位置触发一下点击事件。另外还有<code>press、longPress、fling、drag</code>等多种操作，甚至可以自定义手势处理。</li>
<li><code>Future&lt;void&gt; pump()</code> 触发widget更新。交互事件完成后触发界面更新，就可以验证结果是否正确。</li>
</ul>
<h3 id="现有问题">现有问题</h3>
<p>目前Flutter为了保证测试速度，默认HTTP请求的返回值永远都是空的，返回码都是400 - Bad Request。因此涉及到Image.network()，或者类似的其它组件时，会出现问题导致验证过程异常。</p>
<p>这个问题可以通过模拟返回结果的方式来进行规避，但是不是一个最终的解决方案，也无法达到满意的结果。</p>
<h2 id="集成测试">集成测试</h2>
<p>集成测试与单元测试以及组件测试不同，它集成了更多功能，因此这种测试方式需要真实的环境支持，与Android测试使用的Espresso或者UI Automater类似。</p>
<h3 id="导入方式-1">导入方式</h3>
<p>pubspec.yaml 文件中的 <code>dev_dependencies</code>中设置相应依赖：</p>
<pre><code>dev_dependencies:
  flutter_driver:
      sdk: flutter
</code></pre><h3 id="使用方法-2">使用方法</h3>
<p>我们要使用集成测试，需要做两件事情：</p>
<ul>
<li>创建指令化的应用程序，也就是说可以通过指令方式调用需要展示的应用界面</li>
<li>增加测试项，设置自动交互效果</li>
</ul>
<h4 id="创建指令化的应用程序">创建指令化的应用程序</h4>
<p>指令化应用需要在应用运行前启用<code>Flutter Driver 扩展</code>。也就是说在运行前调用<code>enableFlutterDriverExtension()</code>。该方法执行后调用正常应用的main方法，或者直接runApp方法。如下面示例：</p>
<pre><code>import 'package:flutter_app/main.dart' as mainDart;
import 'package:flutter_driver/driver_extension.dart';

void main() {
  enableFlutterDriverExtension();
  mainDart.main();
}
</code></pre><p>需要注意的是这个dart文件必须放置于<code>test_driver</code>文件夹中，否则命令行执行时有可能找不到可执行文件。现在这个dart文件命名为<code>drive_test.dart</code></p>
<h4 id="增加测试项">增加测试项</h4>
<p>在上面dart文件同级目录下，新增一个文件，注意文件名称必须为<code>指令化文件名称+'_test'</code>，比如这次我就需要命名为<code>drive_test_test.dart</code>。</p>
<p>测试项与之前组件测试、单元测试内容差不多，不过需要注意的是不能直接导入<code>flutter_test</code>库，而导入<code>test</code>库，否则会导致find重复定义的问题。当然导入<code>flutter_test</code>库也可以，需要特殊标明find位置。</p>
<pre><code>import 'package:flutter_driver/flutter_driver.dart';
//import 'package:flutter_test/flutter_test.dart';
import 'package:test/test.dart';

void main() {

  group('drive test', (){
    FlutterDriver driver;

    setUpAll(() async {
      // 连接app
      driver = await FlutterDriver.connect();
    });

    tearDownAll(() async {
      if (driver != null) {
        // 关闭连接
        driver.close();
      }
    });

    test('add auto test', () async {
      SerializableFinder icon = find.byType('Icon');
        for (int i = 0; i &lt; 5; i++) {
          driver.tap(icon);
          await new Future&lt;Null&gt;.delayed(new Duration(milliseconds: 1000));
        }
      });
    });

  });
}
</code></pre><h4 id="命令行运行">命令行运行</h4>
<p>集成测试不支持Android Studio手工操作，需要通过命令行执行。否则会出现如下错误：</p>
<pre><code>DriverError: Could not determine URL to connect to application.
</code></pre><p>这是因为界面操作的情况下不是执行<code>flutter driver</code>命令，因此需要手工执行如下命令(前提是手机已经使用USB连接，并启用了USB调试)：</p>
<pre><code>flutter drive --target=/Users/sunwenwu/project/flutter_app/flutter_app/test_driver/drive_test.dart
</code></pre><p>最终运行结果可以看到，手机上自动打开此应用，每隔1s计数器加1，增加五次以后，应用自动退出。</p>
<h3 id="性能跟踪">性能跟踪</h3>
<p>实际上集成测试除了进行界面自动化测试外，还可以收集测试过程中的性能数据，上面的测试项代码可以写为如下内容：</p>
<pre><code>test('add auto test', () async {
      // 记录闭包中的performance timeline
      Timeline timeline = await driver.traceAction(() async {
        SerializableFinder icon = find.byType('Icon');
        for (int i = 0; i &lt; 5; i++) {
          driver.tap(icon);
          await new Future&lt;Null&gt;.delayed(new Duration(milliseconds: 500));
        }
      });

      // The `timeline` object contains all the performance data recorded during
      // the scrolling session. It can be digested into a handful of useful
      // aggregate numbers, such as &quot;average frame build time&quot;.
      TimelineSummary summary = new TimelineSummary.summarize(timeline);
      summary.writeSummaryToFile('stocks_scroll_perf', pretty: true);
      summary.writeTimelineToFile('stocks_scroll_perf', pretty: true);
    });
</code></pre><p>执行完毕后性能数据写到了<code>stocks_scroll_perf</code>文件中。</p>
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        <li><strong>原文作者：</strong><a rel="author" href="https://luckly.work/">luckly</a></li>
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        <li><strong>版权声明：</strong>本作品采用<a rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/">知识共享署名-非商业性使用-禁止演绎 4.0 国际许可协议</a>进行许可，非商业转载请注明出处（作者，原文链接），商业转载请联系作者获得授权。</li>
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        <li><a href="/post/Flutter/Flutter%E5%BA%94%E7%94%A8%E9%9B%86%E6%88%90%E6%B5%85%E6%9E%90/">《Flutter应用集成浅析》</a></li>
        
        <li><a href="/post/Flutter/Flutter-SizedOverflowBox-%E7%AE%80%E4%BB%8B%E5%8F%8A%E6%A1%88%E4%BE%8B/">《Flutter SizedOverflowBox简介及案例》</a></li>
        
        <li><a href="/post/Flutter/Flutter%E4%B9%8BStack%E7%94%A8%E6%B3%95%E5%B0%8F%E7%BB%93/">《Flutter之Stack用法小结》</a></li>
        
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